Effects of antecedent moisture and macroporosity on infiltration and water flow in frozen soil     

Freda Pittman  Aaron Mohammed  Edwin Cey 《水文研究》2020,34(3):795-809

Infiltration into frozen soil plays an important role in soil freeze–thaw and snowmelt-driven hydrological processes. To better understand the complex thermal energy and water transport mechanisms involved, the influence of antecedent moisture content and macroporosity on infiltration into frozen soil was investigated. Ponded infiltration experiments on frozen macroporous and non-macroporous soil columns revealed that dry macroporous soil produced infiltration rates reaching 10³ to 10⁴ mm day⁻¹, two to three orders of magnitude larger than dry non-macroporous soil. Results suggest that rapid infiltration and drainage were a result of preferential flow through initially air-filled macropores. Using recorded flow rates and measured macropore characteristics, calculations indicated that a combination of both saturated flow and unsaturated film flow likely occurred within macropores. Under wet conditions, regardless of the presence of macropores, infiltration was restricted by the slow thawing rate of pore ice, producing infiltration rates of 2.8 to 5.0 mm day⁻¹. Reduced preferential flow under wet conditions was attributed to a combination of soil swelling, due to smectite-rich clay (that reduced macropore volume), and pore ice blockage within macropores. In comparison, dry soil column experiments demonstrated that macropores provided conduits for water and thermal energy to bypass the frozen matrix during infiltration, reducing thaw rates compared with non-macroporous soils. Overall, results showed the dominant control of antecedent moisture content on the initiation, timing, and magnitude of infiltration and flow in frozen macroporous soils, as well as the important role of macropore connectivity. The study provides an important data set that can aid the development of hydrological models that consider the interacting effects of soil freeze–thaw and preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning in cold regions.  相似文献   

Effects of intensive aquifers exploitation on groundwater salinity in coastal wetlands     

Malva Mancuso  Lucía Santucci  Eleonora Carol 《水文研究》2020,34(11):2313-2323

The coastal plain of the Río de la Plata constitutes a large wetland which develops on the right margin of the river estuary. Anthropic activities such as intensive exploitation of groundwater carried out in the vicinity of the wetland can modify the natural hydrological regime. The aim of this work is to asses the effects of intensive aquifer exploitation in coastal wetlands using hydrogeological models. Such models allow to evaluate changes in the environmental conditions of wetland at regional level. The hydrogeological model exposed in this work shows how the intensive groundwater exploitation affects the wetland area, generating important variations both in the groundwater flows and in the salinity of the groundwater. Identification of these modifications to the environment is important to generate guidelines leading to minimize these affectations.  相似文献   

基于GIS的石家庄市雾霾分析     

苏亚聪  史娟  徐爽 《北京测绘》2020,(2):233-237

为了得出雾霾气象成因机制、影响因素和时空分布特征,以石家庄市区与郊县为研究区域,将2013年9月至2016年12月石家庄市各市区、郊县的PM2.5历史监测数据中的有效数据进行了数据分析处理得到雾霾浓度数据,还有温度、降水、风速、地形和人口密度等数据,运用GIS分析的方法,模拟绘制石家庄雾霾的时空分布图、雾霾与各影响因子的专题对比图,得到雾霾形成机制的因子、雾霾的时空分布规律、雾霾季节变化特征、雾霾与地形间的关系等;运用数据分析软件OriginPro8.SR3分析雾霾浓度与风速数据、降雨数据、温度数据间的相关性。  相似文献   

基于MATLAB的铁路路基沉降预测优化方法     

刘鹏鹏  李仲勤 《北京测绘》2020,(4):580-583

高速铁路路基的工后沉降严重影响着行车安全。在已有的预测模型中,所采用的初始数据往往不能满足等时间周期采集,而且还会伴随着一系列不可避免的观测误差,模型本身的误差累计,不能进行长期预测。文中利用最小二乘原理对初始值进行拟合改进,采用Lagrange插值方法将非等间隔序列转为等间隔序列,并基于新陈更替GM(1,1)模型利用MATLAB建立沉降预测模型;在此基础上,提出对模型残差进行GM改正以提高模型精度的方法。研究表明,通过对初始值序列改正后的模型具有较好的适应性,优化改进后的模型预测误差小,预测精度优于新陈更替GM(1,1)模型。  相似文献   

Turbulence Diffusion and Energy Spectrum Analysis of Large-scale Current Sheets in Flares     

《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2021,45(4):470-493

Magnetic reconnection (MR) is one of the most important physical processes for many dynamical phenomena in the universe. Magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulation is an effective way to study the MR process and the physical pictures related to the MR. With different parameter setups, we investigate the influences of the Magnetic Reynolds number and spatial resolution on the reconnection rate, numerical dissipation, and energy spectrum distribution in the MHD simulation. We have found that the magnetic Reynolds number $R_m$ has definite impact on the reconnection rate and energy spectrum distribution. The characteristic time for entering into the non-linear phase will be earlier as the Reynolds number increases. When it comes to the tearing phase, the reconnection rate will increase rapidly. On the other hand, the magnetic Reynolds number affects significantly the Kolmogorov microscopic scale $l_{\mathit{ko}}$, which becomes smaller as $R_m$ increases. An extra dissipation is defined as the combined effect of the numerical diffusion and turbulence dissipation. It is shown that the extra dissipation is dominated by the numerical diffusion before the tearing mode instability takes place. After the instability develops, the extra dissipation rises vastly, which indicates that turbulence caused by the instability can enhance the diffusion obviously. Furthermore, the energy spectrum analysis indicates that $l_{\mathit{ko}}$ of the large-scale current sheet may appear at a macroscopic MHD scale very possibly.  相似文献   

基于无人机摄影测量的增减挂钩耕地指标检查与评价方法     

李运健  陈玉鑫  初爱萍 《北京测绘》2020,(3):395-398

土地增减挂钩项目的质量检查的传统流程需到实地逐一核实,检查周期长。本文提出一种基于无人机航摄的检查技术流程,结合研发的野外实地调绘软件系统,提出一种新型的基于无人机航摄的增减挂钩项目质量检查流程,并基于DOM检查构建指标评价体系。流程优化了传统外业检查流程,实现地块的全覆盖内业检查和外业的实时取证,确保成果耕地质量指标的准确性,对土地增减挂钩项目给予客观评价。评价体系的应用选取广西几个县增减挂钩为研究对象,探究体系评价的合理性,初步确定该方法基本可行。  相似文献   

HY-2B卫星散射计海面风场产品质量分析 *     

陈克海  解学通  张金兰  邹巨洪  张毅 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(6):30-40

星载微波散射计是获取全球海面风场信息的主要手段, HY-2B卫星散射计的成功发射为全球海面风场数据获取的持续性提供了重要保障。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)再分析风场数据、热带大气海洋观测计划(Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, TAO)和美国国家数据浮标中心(National Data Buoy Center, NDBC)浮标获取的海面风矢量实测数据, 对HY-2B散射计海面风场数据产品的质量进行统计分析。分析表明, HY-2B风场与ECMWF再分析风场对比, 在4~24m·s^-1风速区间内, 风速和风向均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)分别为1.58m·s^-1和15.34°; 与位于开阔海域的TAO浮标数据对比, 风速、风向RMSE分别为1.03m·s^-1和14.98°, 可见HY-2B风场能较好地满足业务化应用的精度要求(风速优于2m·s^-1, 风向优于20°)。与主要位于近海海域的NDBC浮标对比, HY-2B风场的风速、风向RMSE分别为1.60m·s^-1和19.14°, 说明HY-2B散射计同时具备了对近海海域风场的良好观测能力。本文还发现HY-2B风场质量会随风速、地面交轨位置等变化, 为用户更好地使用HY-2B风场产品提供参考。  相似文献   

南海开放共享航次关键科学问题的思考——从多尺度海洋动力学角度出发     

杜岩  陈举  经志友  王祥鹏  陈更新  徐驰  储小青  陈植武  徐杰  施震  唐世林  何云开  梁韵  施平 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(6):1-17

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海, 通过一系列的海峡与西太平洋和印度洋相联通, 其不同时空尺度的海洋环流动力过程及其生态环境效应是南海区域海洋学研究的重要内容。自20世纪50年代末全国第一次海洋普查开始, 我国对海洋调查的支持力度不断加大, 以科学考察船为代表的海洋科学观测平台建设不断加强; 进入新千年以来, 国内海洋科考船依托的各主要研究所和院校本着开放的理念, 先后组织多单位联合进行海上观测。尤其是最近10年, 国家自然科学基金委员会支持实施了船时共享航次计划, 进一步促进了国内海洋界的交流和合作, 南海区域海洋学的相关研究取得了很多重要的成果。从多尺度环流动力学的角度出发, 本文简要回顾了南海海洋观测的发展历程, 并初步总结了近些年来南海关键科学问题的研究进展, 包括南海和西太平洋的水体交换过程、南海中小尺度过程、多尺度相互作用及其生态环境效应等; 并且在现有的研究基础上, 对未来南海的观测和科学问题提出若干思考与展望。  相似文献   

基于GIS的盐城国家级自然保护区生态安全评价（英文）     

李海萍  高戈  李菁 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(1):38-49

本研究利用遥感和GIS技术,分析盐城自然保护区1983–2018年的景观格局变化,建立了基于区域自然-社会-经济复合生态系统安全格局的评价指标体系,分析了生态安全变化的空间特征和成因。结果表明,1983–2018年由于人类活动加剧,研究区内景观格局变化强烈,从以自然景观为主发展到自然景观与人工景观并存。在整体生态安全方面,目前保护区的生态安全状况不容乐观,从保护区丹顶鹤的生存状态看,保护区总体上还是适宜丹顶鹤栖息的,但由于人类活动的增加以及政策的调整,丹顶鹤的栖息地呈现破碎化并向核心区和缓冲区等局部区域聚集。我们应从管理、政策制定以及当地居民的环境保护意识上增加宣传和投入,并相应减少保护区内人类活动的强度。  相似文献   

《古地理学报》的立体办刊模式          下载免费PDF全文

李新坡  张西娟  郑秀娟 《古地理学报》2020,22(6):1233-1234

网络技术为科技期刊的发展提供了动力和渠道,促进了《古地理学报》办刊模式的转变。通过建立独立网站、为读者提供多样化的文章获取渠道、多样化的沟通方式、个性化的文章精准推送、加入OSID开放科学计划等,逐步形成了适应期刊发展的立体办刊模式。  相似文献